Triple-Bond: Boron Joins Elite Chemical Club

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Boron joins carbon and nitrogen as one of the few elements in the periodic table known to form stable compounds featuring triple bonds. The compound could be useful in organic electronic materials

By James Mitchell Crow and Nature magazine ?| June 15, 2012

Image: APS.org

From Nature magazine

An elite chemical club has a new member, after a team in Germany found a way to link two boron atoms together with a stable triple bond. Boron joins carbon and nitrogen as one of the few elements in the periodic table known to form stable compounds featuring triple bonds.

Theory had predicted that such boron structures should be possible, says Holger Braunschweig, a chemist at the University of W?rzburg who led the research. After all, nitrogen?nitrogen and carbon?carbon triple bonds are stable: the nitrogen molecules that make up the majority of our air are held together by a triple bond, for example. And boron is next to carbon and nitrogen in the periodic table, so should have comparable properties. ?One would expect something similar for boron,? says Braunschweig. ?The major problem has been the synthesis.?

Until now, the closest that anyone had come was a molecule made by using a laser to vaporize boron in the presence of carbon monoxide (CO) at very low temperatures. This compound seemed to incorporate a boron?boron triple bond, surrounded by CO groups, but fell apart at temperatures above about -263 ?C.

Braunschweig?s compound, by contrast, is stable up to 234 ?C, if kept isolated from the air. ?Under inert conditions, this is a very stable molecule,? says Braunschweig.

Share and share alike
To make the compound, the team swapped CO for bulky, highly electron-donating chemical groups called N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). Atoms of main-group elements are generally most stable when they have eight electrons in their outer electron shells. If they don't have this number as single atoms, they often share with their neighbours, each electron pair constituting a single chemical bond. Boron atoms have only three electrons in their outer shells, so in Braunschweig?s compound, two atoms share all six of their electrons between them to make a triple bond. The remaining two electrons are supplied by NHC groups.

Other research teams have attempted to synthesize boron?boron triple bonds using two boron atoms each bearing one NHC group and three bromines. The idea was that the bromines would be removed one by one, and the two boron atoms would come together to form a boron?boron single bond, followed by a double and finally a triple bond. However, the process of forming the single bond was slow, and the bromine-stripped boron atoms tended to first react with the surrounding solvent before reacting with each other of each other.

So Braunschweig?s group started with a precursor that already had one boron?boron bond in place: B₂Br₄, stabilized with two NHCs. ?This precursor is a very difficult to work with ? it will degrade above -40?C ? but we showed that we could selectively convert this compound first to make the boron?boron double bond, and in the second step to make the triple bond,? says Braunschweig.

Structural integrity
X-ray crystal structures confirmed that the compound possesses true triple bond character. As expected, the distance between the boron atoms was shorter in the triple-bonded structure than in the compound with a double bond, matching closely with predicted figures. The molecule is also linear, just as the equivalent triple-bonded carbon compound would be.

?Braunschweig has elegantly seen the problem of starting with a mononuclear precursor, and used a precursor with a boron?boron bond already in place,? says Cameron Jones, a chemist at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, who has worked on theoretical studies of the boron?boron triple bond. The results, he says, although stable under heat, ?are highly reactive species, and they will find applications?.

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Report: Last fugitive nabbed in '95 Japan gassing

TOKYO (AP) - Japanese police Friday arrested the last fugitive suspected in a doomsday cult's deadly nerve gas attack on Tokyo subways 17 years ago, media reports said.

Katsuya Takahashi, 54, a former member of Aum Shinrikyo cult, was arrested on suspicion of murder after being spotted at a comic book cafe in downtown Tokyo, Japan's public broadcaster NHK said. A cafe employee had recognized him and called police.

Takahashi admitted who he was when approached by the police at the cafe, NHK said.

TV footage showed a huge crowd outside the shop, trying to catch a glimpse of the last cult fugitive. NHK showed a thin, bespectacled Takahashi being pushed into a police car.

His appearance had changed over years - in particular, his trademark bushy eyebrows have become much thinner. So police had to wait while his fingerprints were verified. He was arrested after being taken to a nearby police station, then transferred to Tokyo police headquarters for interrogation, reports said.

Takahashi, who had been cult guru Shoko Asahara's bodyguard, was on Japan's most wanted list for his suspected role in the sarin gas attack on Tokyo subways, which killed 13 people and injured more than 6,000.

Takahashi's trail had been cold for years, but it heated up after another fugitive from the cult was arrested June 3.

Since then, thousands of officers were mobilized across the Tokyo area, handing out fresh photos of Takahashi and monitoring transportation hubs to keep him from escaping the capital.

A security camera last week showed Takahashi trying to withdraw money from a bank shortly after other fugitive was arrested. Police believe he had been hiding in the Tokyo area under a false name. Local media have reported that he was working at a construction company, where he was known as a quiet and anti-social person who always wore a surgical mask.

Aum Shinrikyo had amassed an arsenal of chemical, biological and conventional weapons in anticipation of an apocalyptic showdown with the government. Nearly 200 of its members have been convicted in the 1995 attack and dozens of other crimes. Thirteen, including Asahara, are on death row.

Makoto Hirata, charged in a 1995 cult-related kidnapping-murder as well as the subway attack, surrendered to police on New Year's Eve, stunning the nation. The second-to-last fugitive, Naoko Kikuchi, 40, was arrested on June 3. She had been accused of helping produce the sarin the group released on the subway.

The cult, split into two groups - each renamed Aleph and the Circle of Rainbow Light - once had 10,000 members in Japan and claimed another 30,000 in Russia. It still has hundreds of members. The cult is under police surveillance and its current leaders have publicly disavowed Asahara.

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Final alleged victim tells of rape by Sandusky

(Note: explicit sexual content)

BELLEFONTE, Pennsylvania (Reuters) - The final alleged victim to testify in the Jerry Sandusky child sex abuse trial told jurors on Thursday the former Penn State University assistant football coach sodomized him as a boy in the basement of Sandusky's home as he screamed in vain for help.

His account provided a dramatic bookend to the prosecution's presentation of graphic testimony over 3-1/2 days in the closely watched trial in Pennsylvania from eight men who described being sexually abused as young boys by Sandusky.

The latest witness, now 18, spoke quietly with his head down as prosecutor Joseph McGettigan questioned him. The witness said Sandusky forced him to have anal sex home "a few times" in the basement of the coach's house. Sometimes he would scream, at least once when Sandusky's wife was in the house, but no one ever responded, the man said.

"No one can hear you down there," he said in the hushed courtroom, his head hanging. He said he had bled from the attacks, but his mother had never noticed blood on his clothing.

Following the man's testimony and cross examination in Centre County Court in rural Pennsylvania, Judge John Cleland recessed the trial until Monday, when it is expected that the defense will begin presenting its case.

Sandusky, 68, faces 52 counts of sexually abusing 10 boys over a 15-year period. Two of the boys have not been identified. If convicted on all counts, the former defensive coordinator for Pennsylvania State University's successful football program faces a sentence of more than 500 years in prison.

Earlier on Thursday, jurors heard from two other men who also accused Sandusky of molesting them and from a university campus detective who recalled Sandusky saying "I wish I were dead" after being confronted by an alleged victim's mother about showering with her son.

Sandusky, who retired from Penn State in 1999, is accused of meeting his alleged victims through the Second Mile charity for needy boys that he founded in 1977.

The final witness on Thursday said he performed oral sex on Sandusky almost every time he stayed overnight, sleeping all but one time on a water-bed in the basement. Asked why he did not resist when Sandusky forced him to perform oral sex, he said, "What was I going to do? He's a big guy, way bigger than me."

Like many of the alleged victims, the man came from a broken home. When he met Sandusky, he was living in a trailer with his mother, who was working in a bar, and the father was not around. He later spent time in a foster home. He said he never told his anyone about the abuse, including his mother, saying, "How can you tell your mom about it?"

The white-haired Sandusky, dressed in a dark sport coat and slacks, stared at the man throughout the testimony. Asked by McGettigan to indicate Sandusky, the man turned his head and pointed a finger at him. When McGettigan told him to look at Sandusky, he said: "I don't want to look at him."

The day's first witness was a 25-year-old man who said Sandusky bear-hugged him in a shower when he was a young boy and lifted him to rinse shampoo out of his hair, after which his memory of the event ends. "It's all black," he told jurors said.

Another 25-year-old man also told of showering with Sandusky as a young boy, sleeping at Sandusky's home and trying to "get away from him" when he touched his penis.

Also testifying was Ronald Schreffler, a former Penn State campus detective who investigated one of the incidents and said he told Sandusky he should not shower with boys. No charges were brought against Sandusky at the time.

The case, which has focused fresh attention in the United States to the issue of child sexual abuse, prompted the firing of university President Graham Spanier and head football coach Joe Paterno, record-holder for most wins by a major U.S. college football coach. Paterno died of lung cancer in January.

The first witness of the day said he met Sandusky in 1998 when he was 11 years old at a picnic hosted by the Second Mile. Sandusky invited him to work out at a Penn State campus gym, which was deserted when they went there late in the day, the man testified. The two wrestled and lifted weights for about 15 minutes and Sandusky told him it was time to shower, he said.

In the shower, Sandusky grabbed him from behind and said playfully, "I'm going to squeeze your guts out" and bear-hugged him, the man testified haltingly.

Sandusky lifted him to rinse shampoo out of his hair, he said. "That's the last thing I remember about being in the shower. It's all black," said the man, identified in court documents as Victim 6.

The boy's mother reported the incident to university police and it was investigated but no charges were filed.

The man testified that he had continued to have contact with Sandusky. When defense attorney Joe Amendola asked the witness, "Did the change in your attitude have anything to do with hiring an attorney and thinking that there might be some financial gain for you?," the man answered: "Zero."

'I WISH I WERE DEAD'

Schreffler, who investigated the incident, said that in agreement with the boy's mother he and another officer eavesdropped on her when she confronted Sandusky about it.

"During the course of the conversation, Mr. Sandusky made the statement, 'I wish I could get forgiveness, I know I won't get it from you. I wish I were dead,'" Schreffler testified.

He said he and an investigator for the Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare met Sandusky, and Schreffler told him he should not shower with boys again. Sandusky agreed and said he had used "bad judgment," Schreffler said.

The seventh alleged victim to testify said that he had slept overnight at Sandusky's house about 50 times over a three-year period from 1998 to 2001. He said he had met Sandusky at a Second Mile event.

The witness said he slept all but one time in the basement and the coach often would get into bed with him and tickle, blow on his stomach, kiss his shoulders and sometimes touched his penis, giving him an erection.

"At that point I would roll over and try to get away from him. I knew I wasn't supposed to have one in front of a man," said the man, known in court documents as Victim 3.

He also went to work out at Penn State with Sandusky a few times. They showered together, and the coach bear-hugged him from front and back and soaped him, including on his buttocks, he said.

Reuters' policy is not to identify victims of sexual crimes.

(Additional reporting by Matt Morgan; Editing by Dan Burns and Will Dunham)

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Lindsay Lohan Has 'Real Talent,' 'Canyons' Producer Says

'What's kind of lost in a lot of the Lindsay discussions is the fact that Lindsay is a very talented actress,' Braxton Pope tells MTV News.
By Jocelyn Vena

Lindsay Lohan
Photo:

Lindsay Lohan is in the midst of filming her Elizabeth Taylor biopic for Lifetime, "Liz & Dick," and then she's expected to begin work on her next film, the sexy, L.A.-based drama "The Canyons."

While her casting isn't set in stone just yet, the film's producer said it's certainly on the right track.

"She wants to do it. We want her to do it. I would just say we have not worked out the specifics of her deal yet," Braxton Pope told MTV News. "Her participation in 'Liz & Dick,' I would just say we're very aware of. We told her in the first meeting that we would be in touch with the producer of 'Liz & Dick' to see how that shoot was going and to get intel. And she gave us all that information, so she was very comfortable with us reaching out and getting that information, and that was how we decided to proceed."

With production expected to begin early next month, Pope is aware of the outside perceptions of Lohan and he and his team — consisting of screenwriter Bret Easton Ellis and director Paul Schrader — are more focused on her ability as an actor than her tabloid drama.

"What's kind of lost in a lot of the Lindsay discussions is the fact that Lindsay is a very talented actress," he said. "She's very charismatic and she has a lot of acting skills. So her lifestyle and some of the things that she's gone through have tended to kind of overwhelm the fact, but Lindsay has kind of real talent. So for this part, we felt that she was really the right actor for a host of different reasons."

While they had been eyeing Lohan for a different role, she expressed interest in the female lead, and Pope said her enthusiasm for the part "resonated with us. ... With Lindsay we felt she was the best actress for that role."

The role will not only remind fans of Lohan's skills as an actress, but also introduce moviegoers to James Deen, as he transitions out of the world of adult films.

"I've met with James many times, and I feel like I have a good sense of who and what he is. We mentioned, obviously, James to Lindsay, and that wasn't an issue for her," he explained, noting that "we have not put them together yet" and he's interested to see what their chemistry will be like, since they are not only the film's leads, but also play lovers.

"He's a very interesting guy. ... He's entering the mainstream, and this is the biggest step in that direction," Pope added. "So he's definitely excited, and he is preparing very diligently for the role. And he's taken it very seriously. We've been pleased with everything about his approach to the project, for sure. He's always very natural, and the guy was extremely prepared. It was very smooth."

According to a poster for the film, the tagline is "It's not 'The Hills,' " a reference to the popular MTV reality show that followed the glamorous lives of Lauren Conrad and her pals. This is expected to be a grittier take on young people and their struggles in Hollywood.

Deen's Christian is a "trust fund kid, power player and major manipulator, who is a film producer that enjoys filming his own three-way sex sessions." Meanwhile, Lohan's ex-model character, Tara, is his girlfriend who "has sold her pride for the material comforts Christian can provide."

Three other roles remain uncast: bartender and wannabe actor Ryan, Ryan's employee and fellow actor Gina, and former actress/yoga instructor Lindsay, who is carrying on an affair with Christian. Pope said casting decisions for those roles should be made in the next week.

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Spain must do more to reduce deficits, IMF says

WASHINGTON (AP) ? The International Monetary Fund says Spain's budget deficit is likely to be bigger than estimated and implored the government to take bolder steps to reduce its debt.

The international lending group says Spain should consider raising more tax revenue to reduce its deficit, in addition to cutting spending. At the same time, the government shouldn't reduce its budget gap too quickly, given its weak economy, the IMF said. It should focus on improvement over the medium term.

Spain has made progress on its budget deficit and recapitalizing banks, but investor confidence remains weak, the IMF says. That's driving up the country's borrowing costs.

The IMF's report paints a bleak picture of Spain's economy. Spain is in an "an unprecedented double-dip recession with unemployment already high," the report says.

Associated Press

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The shielding radius range of cell phone jammer can stand for the ...

Some parents think that cell phone jammer should be used in the school to ensure tranquility of class.
SMS communication behavior can only significant predictor of self-awareness of students? greater degree of isolation between groups ?that interpersonal SMS exchanges than students in real harmony with the larger group relations alone in this respect the most difficult possible. SMS consumer psychology research methods can be divided into two types, one is the subjective status of the investigation concluded that the status quo alternative is a combination of surveys and psychological scale to explore the relationship between them. But did not we think of these two methods to consider the nature of mobile phone text messages from. SMS is a kind of interpersonal communication, it has created its transmission characteristics of the popular cause, therefore, must understand the nature of the spread of SMS text messages in order to better study of consumer psychology. From the communication point of view, SMS audience both the role of information transmission, which makes it the spread of psychological complex. The following space will be explored in this regard. The signal covering range of the omnidirectional antenna of? cell phone jammer can be considered as a spherical area center at the antenna.
Basically, the current spread of human activities are divided into two types, namely, interpersonal communication and mass communication. Interpersonal communication is between the individual and the individual information exchange activities, including face to face direct communication and indirect communication by means of media. Luoluo Fu pointed out, into the interpersonal communication is in a relationship among the two parties to provide each other with resources or negotiate the exchange of resources symbolic transfer process. SMS is a kind of interpersonal communication, through the media to carry out non-face to face communication. Their interpersonal communication characteristics are: the flow of information and control without an intermediary, two-way; spread mainly in the form of text and graph this, the current level of technology and communication patterns in terms of mainstream applications, mainly by writing to convey information, which there is a languages common to exchange the ?delay phenomenon.? Communication is interactive, real-time, mobility is strong. These features create an ideal interpersonal space. The shielding radius range of? cell phone jammer can stand for the power range of? cell phone jammer.
Some people think that modern media is increasingly reflect the ?difference? characteristics, that the pursuit of individuality and distinctive, SMS consumption reflect these characteristics are: transmitting and receiving information from the static to the dynamic evolution, beyond the region, time and the terminal equipment restrictions, to pass by the interaction of both sides to achieve a timely fashion; information to send more hidden, out of the ?social? constraints, in the classroom, conference room, library and other places not suitable for conversation Use without known; user demand for information will be free, on-demand request, free treatment, free forwarding: information arrival rate, the sender need not worry they do not receive, the recipient is free to decide whether to respond; audience through SMS involved in television, radio, interactive and other information, the traditional mass media as an important channel for feedback; have the right to speak, whether anyone can express themselves. The performance stability should be take into account when selecting cell phone jammer .

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